The Art of War

Six Ways an Army Loses

Terrain 2, the six defeats

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The last chapter was about reading the ground underfoot. This one is about an army collapsing on its own, whatever the ground.

Sun Tzu said a losing army takes six shapes. And he named their cause without hedging.

凡此六者,非天之災,將之過也

fan ci liu zhe, fei tian zhi zai, jiang zhi guo ye

These six are not a disaster sent by heaven. They are the commander’s fault. (The Art of War, Terrain, translated directly)

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